Ethics And Morality A Noble Cause Corruption - 1196 Words

Ethics and morality are broad topics of everyday life. Instinctively, we as humans know the difference between right and wrong but in some cases, our ethics will narrow. Actions and decisions become selfish and for the sole purpose of personal gain. In some cases, unethical ways may even be illegal. Noble cause corruption is a prime example of when a person will utilize unethical means for a result to benefit the greater good. Noble cause corruption differs with traditional corruption. Traditional corruption is defined by personal gain whereas noble cause corruption forms when a person will do anything in their power to prove their righteousness. Usually noble cause corruption is found in such cases as where individuals feel they are not being recognized or have a lack of morale and/or leadership. The war on terror gives many examples of noble cause corruption. Many people have opposing opinions on whether war is a noble cause or not. While many soldiers will agree that war is necessary, most will almost never agree that war has noble cause. This opinion mainly comes from the fact that there is nothing noble or prideful about war. For example, many lives of soldiers were lost during the war in Iraq. President Bush assured families that their loved ones that lost their lives in Iraq died for a noble cause. The supposed noble cause was to alter the formation of the Iraqis new constitution. Were their ethics worth the lives of thousands of American soldiers? The noble cause inShow MoreRelatedMorality Of Terrorism And Terrorism1669 Words   |  7 PagesMorality of terrorism The modern-days terrorist sees himself as being engaged in a just war, where they believe that such act of vile impunity are just and noble. Any act of terrorism could considered absolved from of point view of freedom. So the use of excessive violence in such acts could be subject to moral analysis. The causes of terrorism, although social and political, have intensely moral elements. In our point of view, existing moral theories are not particularly helpful in solving theRead MoreThe Term Illness By Elizabeth Gaskell1655 Words   |  7 Pagescondition of the body and mind’. Another among the others – now obsolete – presents it as a ‘bad moral quality, condition, or character.’ Illness was often used as a measure of morality, with the perception that bad morals predisposed to illness and could be contagious like a disease. Elizabeth Gaskell explored these issues of morality – the loss and redemption of – in her English social novel, Ruth. Challenging the typical ‘fallen woman’ narrative, her sympathetic portrayal of the eponymous heroine causedRead Moreâ€Å"Are You Happy Now?† Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss their theories of happiness and pleasure, and their views of virtue in ethics and its relation to happiness. Aristotle and Mill may have been writing at different times, and did not necessarily have the same beliefs, but both philosophers took a similar position when defining happiness. Aristotle was born in 384 BCE, and died in 322 BCE . There is no exact date listed for when Aristotle completed Nicomachean Ethics, but many believe that it was written around 350-340 BCE . Aristotle was a scientistRead MorePolice Corruption2879 Words   |  12 PagesStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy corruption is defined as the abuse of power by a public official for private gain. Police corruption is the abuse of power by a police officer for their own personal gain. Police officers become corrupt mainly for monetary gain because most feel that police officers do not make enough money and they want to make more. Police corruption can be costly to society and it can even violate the rights of society. Police corruption can show favoritism to some and unfairnessRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill, And The Deontological Theory Of Ethics1873 Words   |  8 PagesFrequently brought up in modern conversations between â€Å"everyday† people and behavioral researchers alike, issues regar ding morality and ethics have become increasingly prevalent. With the current global political climate drawing attention to and/or raising awareness for various humanitarian crises, such as the massive destruction in Puerto Rico that has left the entire island in ruin or refugee Rohingya people fleeing persecution in Myanmar and Bangladesh, it is imperative to understand the logisticsRead MoreThe Pearl Of The World1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lifestyles of both. Although Kino is on the low economic rung of the social structure, he still maintains a deep sense of human dignity. Kino’s unawareness about the townspeople despise of his community reflect his self-directed nature. Kino’s noble character is also evident in his relationship with his wife, in his love for his son and in his respect for the traditions of the village. Towards Juana, his submissive wife, Kino is protective and concerned. He is capable of sacrificing his life forRead MoreThe Reformation and the C hurch Essay example1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reformation was a decisive period in the history not only for the Catholic Church, but also for the entire world. The causes of this tumultuous point in history did not burst on the scene all at once, but slowly gained momentum like a boil that slowly festers through time before it finally bursts open. The Reformation of the Church was inevitable because of the abuses which the Church was suffering during this period. At the time of the Reformation, a segment of the Church had drifted away fromRead MoreThe Moral Philosophy Of Ethical Egoism2536 Words   |  11 Pagespsychological egoism describes what it is that we do; ethical egoism prescribes what it is that we ought to do. To understand ethical egoism we must understand what is meant by the question â€Å"what is ethical?†. Ethics, in this context, can be viewed in two senses. In a wide sense, ethics can be regarded as a word meaning â€Å"rational† or â€Å"based on reason†. At a narrower view it is meant in a sense in which moral requirements are expressly intended. â€Å"I should choose Bordeaux 1989, but that isn t aRead MoreThe Ethics of Law Enforcement and Business2996 Words   |  12 PagesCurrently today we live in a world where morality is not as common as before, now day’s people just tend to mind their own business and move on forward; but is this being ethical? In the research conducted will explain different views on ethics in an organization and what they stand by. In addition, the research will also talk about how ethical Law Enforcement members act in our communities, and what is done to prevent unethical behavior. Law enforcement field is a very dangero us, simply becauseRead MoreRomanticism versus Neoclassicism2775 Words   |  12 Pagesobviously entails fundamental political and ethical commitments. The focus on natural feeling over conventional rules led to an emphasis on the self over the earlier neoclassical emphasis on society. The individual becomes the source of wisdom and morality, displacing the received set of rules and norms given by society. As a result, emphasis is paced on understanding the individuals subjective state, especially as it relates to the outside world. Works ranging from Rousseaus Confessions and Reveries

Teens Pressure On Body Images Free Essays

In order to solve this mess et en’s have to step up to the plate and be comfortable in their own skin. Girls are one of the main targets when it comes to media. Each time a girl lo KS at a magazine its like the magazine is telling her, â€Å"Are you considering the way you u look yet? † Thus, these are everyday problems that young girls have to face. We will write a custom essay sample on Teens Pressure On Body Images or any similar topic only for you Order Now Girls feel that tin order to be accepted by others they have to go the extra mile to look their best. As a kid it always bothered me seeing these celebrities halfway naked with their â€Å"perfect† bodied ; furthermore, as I started to reach my adolescence began to marvel at how models had the IR stomachs so perfectly flat. Sooner or later I gained knowledge that in order for models to g et so skinny they either turn anorexic or turn bulimic. After that wondered why models made such dire sacrifices, and then it hit me it’s all because of the pressure that the media PU TTS on body images. â€Å"Recent studies show that adolescent girls are more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war, or losing their parent. ( HTTPS://www. Essayists. Rug/topics/selfimagemediainfluences/ ) Another study indicates, â€Å"40%of all 9 and 1 Earldom girls have already been on a diet. † ( ) Most girls that diet are either underweight or their weight is just normal. † Provided that 70% of arrear old girls want to be thinner. † ( ) As you can see the media puts pressure on many age groups, and this is why girls need to re Alice that sometimes it doesn’t matter what’s on the outside, but what’s on the inside. Not only are girls affected by the media, but now boys are being affected by it too. A ewe study of a national sample of adolescent boys published in the January is sue of â€Å"JAM Pediatrics†, reveals that, â€Å"Nearly 18% of boys are highly concerned about their weight and physique. † http://www. Atlantic. Com/health/archive/2014/03/ bodyimagepressureincreasinglyaffects boys/283897/ ) Most boys are focused on having a bigger and muscular appearance, rather than, focusing on being thin. One way that boys attain muscle is by using steer odds and protein powders just to look like Johnny Bravo; subsequently, â€Å"The long term effects o f steroids is associated with depression, rage attacks, suicidal tendencies, and cardiogram atheist. ( bodyimagepressureincreasinglyaffects boys/283897/ ) How to cite Teens Pressure On Body Images, Papers

Marketing local brand overseas free essay sample

The objective on this research is for telling the readers about the local brand of Indonesia that will be marketed in either Brazil or Russia. We will also discuss about foreign market entry modes and PEST Analysis. The local brand that I choose is Gudang Garam, which will be marketed in Russia. Gudang Garam is original Indonesian clove cigarette brand that was launched on 1979 in Kediri, East Java. Gait length in the clove industry is characterized by a number of achievements, among others, was ranked 2nd in the category rolled cigarettes full flavor. Made from the leaves of high-quality tobacco and clove, Gudang Garam is dedicated for smokers who appreciate the art of enjoying rolled cigarettes. A blend of high technology and clove mix formula inherited from generation to generation making Gudang Garam is able to provide the irreplaceable experience of smoking cigarettes for the true connoisseur. The reason why I choose gudang garam to be marketed in Russia because, The number of people who are consuming cigarette there have reach the 4th higher number across the world. It was hard to find clove cigarettes outside Indonesia that’s why I think gudang garam is the most perfect Indonesian local brand that should be imported around the world especially in Russia. Foreign market entry modes differ in degree of risk they present, the control and commitment of resources they require and the return on investment they promise. Types of foreign entry modes: Exporting Licensing Joint venture Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Internet Each type of market entry have their own advantages and disadvantages: MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Exporting Minimize risk , speed of entry, minimize scale. Transport cost, Trade barriers tariff add cost, limit acess to local company. Licensing Minimizes risk of entry, speed of entry, High ROI. Lack of control, knowledge spillover. Joint venture Potential for learning, Viewed as insider, less investment. Difficult to manage, Dilution of control. Foreign direct investment Greater knowledge of local market, can be apply specialized skills. Higher risk than other modes, may be difficult to manage Internet Simpler, easier Easy to get error PEST Analysis A scan of the external macro-environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms of the following factors: Political: political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the firms must operate. Economic: Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. Social: Social factor include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external microenvironment. Technological: Technological factors cam lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Here in Indonesia we can easily find gudang garam cigarette, since people here are enthusiast with cigarette they sell it everywhere. We can found it in the small minimarket, supermarket, mall ,and etc. There are also some posters across the street in Indonesia about gudang garam. Even though the gudang garam wrote about the disadvantages about smoking but, still the consumer of gudang garam is the most higher compare to another brand of cigarettes. Thesis statement As we know the number of smoking rates in Russia is high, so I believe importing gudang garam cigarette in Russia will be successful because they have much demand there. This is because they rarely seen clove cigarette and the climate there are cold, so people are likely to smoke to warm their selves. 2. 0 Methods This report is based on the secondary sources. The sources that I found are from the Internet through government website. The materials that I found in the Internet are reliable and current. The data collection methods of the research objectives are containing both qualitative and quantitative. Most of it are qualitative because, it contain of graph, table, and it was colorful. 3. 0 Findings PEST Analysis on Russia: Political: In 1993, after the crisis in the constitution of Russia and with the support from most part of the population. Russia was officially became the federation of Russia with semi presidential republic. They keep going with the same regime until today. It is very important to have a constant regime and policy to attract more investors. It is also important to have the policies, which provide more benefit and advantages for people who want to contribute or get into the business. Economic: The economics of Russia depends mainly on the natural resources. There are two major resources are oil and gas. This country has the GDP in the rank of 10th. biggest in the world. Russia is the country with the advantage of natural resources, the big area with the area for agriculture 4th largest in the world and a perfect location between Europe and Asia. Despite all the advantage that the country has, its economic is not comparable to other countries it is because the growth of the economy of Russia is depending the price of the oil in the market. Social: From 1990, with the changes in the regime of politic, the society stepped forward. They convert from a society with autocratic structure to a society with democratic character. This change enlarges the gap between the poor and the rich people in the society. Even there is no obvious classification structure in society, the stratification is judged by wealth. The most obvious evident of capitalism in the society is that people started to spend in a wasted scale with expensive cars, clothes and outfit that a normal Russian can not afford. Technological: Russia is a country, which is rich in science tradition. The technology sector of Russia started to be recognized from the early of 18th century and continue to develop until today. There is a political stability in Brazil government the workers party has won the election continuously for 3 times. The focus on the administration policies of the government is steadily towards the growth of the economy. Economic: Foreign firm can own the company 100%, registered capital and earning can be taken back from the country on tax free basis. The country strengthening its economic policy and increasing public private partnership model of doing business that attracts the private people in the world to invest. Social: since brazil is at the peak of the economic advances which is responsible for a drastic improvement in the social area in brazil. Technological: the Brazilian economy is alive and growing at a rapid pace. That’s why the technological there keep on growing rapidly. Unilever markets its brand in Brazil: A business with real scale, strong brands, people infrastructure †¢ Underperformance in recent history: Growth below the market (+ 4% p. a. ) Low competitiveness Low profit growth Product quality below standard Customer satisfaction low. Unilever markets its brand in Russia: Unilever strategic priorities include: Personal care DE Vitality The changing of the Unilever in DE is clearly seen in the graph it keep on increasing especially in the DE. 4. 0 Discussion There will be the disadvantages and advantages by importing gudang garam to Russia and Brazil, because every country have a different pest analysis and provision. Here are some advantages and disadvantages: Russia ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES A lot of smokers The climate is cold Russia is the nearer compare with Brazil Hard to ask for the permission Different Languages Brazil ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES It might be easier to communicate Government grants are easier Brazil is kinda far from Indonesia The number of smoker are not too many compare with Russia There will be also some factors that might be influence on my finding, the website might be too old or not really sufficient because every website say a different thing. 5. 0 Conclusion I have decided Gudang Garam, which will be marketed in Russia. Because, I have done it on the research from the secondary resources from any different website. The reason why I choose gudang garam to be marketed in Russia because, The number of people who are consuming cigarette there have reach the 4th higher number across the world. It was hard to find clove cigarettes outside Indonesia that’s why I think gudang garam is the most perfect Indonesian local brand that should be imported around the world especially in Russia. The action that should be taken for my marketed are to take approval from both government in Indonesia and also Russia, which is really hard because of the different language. We need a big budget to start importing gudang garam cigarette to Russia because the location is kinda far.

Though Most Americans Are Aware Of The Great Depression Of 1929, Which

Though most Americans are aware of the Great Depression of 1929, which may well be "the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economic system,"( ) few know of the many Americans who lost their homes, life savings and jobs. This paper briefly states the causes of the depression and summarizes the vast problems Americans faced during the eleven years of its span. This paper primarily focuses on what life was like for farmers during the time of the Depression, as portrayed in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, and tells what the government did to end the Depression. In the 1920's, after World War 1, danger signals were apparent that a great Depression was coming. A major cause of the Depression was that the pay of workers did not increase at all. Because of this, they couldn't afford manufactured goods. While the factories were still manufacturing goods, Americans weren't able to afford them and the factories made no money (Drewry and O'connor 559). Another major cause related to farmers. Farmers weren't doing to well because they were producing more crops and farm products than could be sold at high prices. Therefore, they made a very small profit. This insufficient profit wouldn't allow the farmers to purchase new machinery and because of this they couldn't produce goods quick enough (Drewry and O'connor 559). A new plan was created called the installment plan. This plan was established because many Americans didn't have enough money to buy goods and services that were needed or wanted. The installment plan stated that people could buy products on credit and make monthly payments. The one major problem with this idea was that people soon found out that they couldn't afford to make the monthly payment(Drewry and O'connor 559). In 1929 the stock market crashed. Many Americans purchased stocks because they were certain of the economy. People started selling their stocks at a fast pace; over sixteen million stocks were sold! Numerous stock prices dropped to fraction of their value. Banks lost money from the stock market and from Americans who couldn't pay back loans. Many factories lost money and went out of business because of this great tragedy (Drewry and O'connor By the 1930's, thirteen million workers lost their jobs which is 25 percent of all workers. The blacks and unskilled workers were always the first to be fired. Farmers had no money and weren't capable of paying their mortgages. Americans traveled throughout the country looking for a place to work to support themselves and their family (Drewry and O'connor 560-561). John Steinbeck, born in 1902, grew up during the Depression near the fertile Salinas Valley and wrote many books of fiction based on his background and experiences during that time and area of the country. One of his great works would be the Grapes of Wrath In this book, Steinbeck describes the farmers plight during the Great Depression and drought. When the rains failed to come, the grass began to disappear. As the farmers watched their plants turn brown and the dirt slowly turn to dust they began to fear what was to come. In the water-cut gullies the earth dusted down in dry little streams. As the sharp sun struck day af ter day, the leaves of the young corn became less stiff and erect; then it was June and the sun shone more fiercely. The brown lines on the corn leaves widened and moved in on the central ribs. The weeds frayed and edged back toward their roots. The air was thin and the sky more pale; and every day the earth paled. (qtd. Steinbeck 2-3). The farmers worst fears were realized when their corn and other crops began to die. The dust became so bad they had to cover their mouths with handkerchiefs so they could breath (Steinbeck 3- When the drought hit the Great Plains and the soil turned to dust, many farmers moved to California because they could no longer farm their land(Drewry and O'Connor 561). The drought began to affect other parts of the country. In 1930, Virginia's belt of fertile land dried up. Ponds, streams, and springs all dried up and the great Mississippi River water level sank lower

Mayflies, Order Ephemeroptera

Mayflies, Order Ephemeroptera The order Ephemeroptera includes only the mayflies. Ephemeroptera comes from the Greek ephemeros, meaning short-lived, and pteron, meaning wing. Adult mayflies live just one or two days. Description As adults, mayflies have delicate, slender bodies. They hold their membranous wings vertically when at rest. You can easily identify an adult mayfly by its triangular forewings and two or three long, threadlike tails extending from the abdomen. Most species also produce a subimago stage, which looks similar to the adult but is sexually immature. Mayflies live on land as adults, but are entirely aquatic as nymphs. Adult mayflies live just long enough to mate, which they often do in dramatic swarming flights. Receptive females fly into the cloud of swarming males, and mate in flight. The female deposits her eggs on the surface of a shallow pond or stream, or on objects in the water. Mayfly nymphs inhabit streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and detritus. Depending on the species, a mayfly nymph may live two weeks to two years before emerging from the water to complete its life cycle. Mayflies are known for emerging en masse, usually in May. In some places, large numbers of emerged mayflies can coat roads, making travel slippery and dangerous. Habitat and Distribution Mayfly nymphs inhabit fast-flowing streams and shallow ponds with high levels of dissolved oxygen and low levels of pollutants. They serve as bioindicators of good water quality. Mayfly adults live on land, near ponds and streams. Scientists describe over 4,000 species worldwide. Major Families in the Order Family Baetidae - small minnow mayfliesFamily Heptageniidae - stream mayfliesFamily Ephemeridae - common burrower mayfliesFamily Leptophlebiidae – prong-gilled mayfliesFamily Siphlonuridae - primitive minnow mayflies Families and Genera of Interest The American sand burrowing mayfly, Dolania Americana, is one of a few species of predatory mayflies.The Gila mayfly, Lachlania dencyanna, is known to exist only in one small area of New Mexico, and is threatened with extinction.An unusual parthenogenetic mayfly, Eurylophella oviruptis, employs a surprising method of oviposition. The subimagos abdomen literally ruptures, spilling its eggs onto the waters surface. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonOrder Ephemeroptera - Mayflies, Bugguide.netGuide to Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans, Izaak Walton League of America

1981 Springbok Tour Essay Example for Free

1981 Springbok Tour Essay ? Focus Question: What was the background to the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand? For 56 days in July, August and September 1981, New Zealanders were divided against each other in the largest civil disturbance seen since the 1951 waterfront dispute. More than 150,000 people took part in over 200 demonstrations in 28 centres, and 1500 were charged with offences stemming from these protests. To some observers it might seem inconceivable that the cause of this unrest was the visit to New Zealand of the South African rugby team (the Springboks). Although not a major sport on a global scale, rugby has established itself not only as New Zealand’s number one sport but as a vital component in this country’s national identity. In many ways the playing of rugby took a back seat in 1981, and the sport suffered in the following years as players and supporters came to terms with the fallout from the tour. Some commentators have described this event as the moment when New Zealand lost its innocence as a country and as being a watershed in our view of ourselves as a country and people. Usefulness of evidence to focusing question: This is useful because it shows me evidence on what New Zealanders thought on about rugby. It shows that rugby sport is a background to New Zealanders because it’s their number 1 sport. This is part of a useful website, www.nzhistory.net.nz. This source is reliable because this source is that its not something someone has said or someone has typed that was from the 1981 springbok tour. It is basic facts. 1981 Springbok Tour. (2016, Oct 11).

Cost and Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cost and Management Accounting - Essay Example In 2006, Britvic sold 1.4 billion liters of soft drinks in hundreds of different flavours, shapes and sizes and delivers to over 4,000 customers and approximately 200,000 points of distribution. This explains the wide customer network of Britivic revealing the company's excellence in production and service capabilities. Britvic has the instilled pride to produce more soft drinks brands in its portfolio than any other UK manufacturer. This provides an insight on the effective branding strategies and promotions followed by Britivic and the effective business planning of the company's management. The company has approximately 2,700 employees based either at our main offices in Chelmsford and Sol hull or at one of seven factories and network of depots around the country. This portrays the human resource capability and strong local presence in the soft drinks market. The corporate culture of Britivic provides an amicable atmosphere for all the workers who feel great working for the company.Britivic promotes excellence and initiative and encourage the employees to be passionate about our brands and their roles. Accounting policies of Britivic Source : Balance sheet data of Britvic (2007) Investments The Company recognizes its investments in subsidiaries at cost less any provisions made for impairment. Interest bearing loans and borrowings Borrowings are stated at proceeds received less any unamortized issue costs. Issue costs of loans The finance cost recognized in the profit and loss account in respect of capital instruments is allocated to periods over the terms of the instrument using the effective interest method. Borrowing costs ]After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. All borrowing costs are recognized as finance costs in the profit and loss account in the period in which they are incurred. Foreign currencies The foreign currency transactions are recorded at the date of transaction referring the ruling rate at that instance. Foreign currency denomination of assets and liabilities will be translated on the basis of exchange rate as depicted in the balance sheet and balance sheet date will be used. All the noticeable differences are updated in the profit and loss account of balance sheet. Issued share capital Ordinary shares are classified as

Management Accounting and Traditional System Appraisal Essay

Management Accounting and Traditional System Appraisal - Essay Example In reality, different drivers of factory overheads such as machine setups, special storage, unique inspections and special handling drive the cost. Thus, it is difficult to allocate cost to the diverse activities undertaken in meeting the diverse customer demands using a single activity of machine hours consumed. Similarly, containing all the costs incurred in undertaking the diverse activities in a single cost to allocate the costs by dividing with machine hours used in the production process is erroneous under the traditional system applied by the firm (Gediehn, 2010). The approach gives an average rate to be employed in the different products despite of the complexity and number of activities performed. This is a misleading approach to allocating the costs since the diverse customer specifications do not correlate (Gediehn, 2010). The use of a general average rate in allocating the overhead costs under the traditional management system misleads the management in determining the cost of the product per customer demand. The response that is derived from the results given under the traditional system has a high potential of being wrong due to the performance measures it generates (Bragg, 2013). Furthermore, the traditional system used by the firm has the potential of failing to motivate enviable behaviors. This is because it has the tendency of strengthening vertical controls and bureaucracy (Macintosh & Quattrone, 2009). The requirement for the staff to fill the time they spend in running the machine is a bureaucratic act that has the potential of attempting the staff members to inflate the hours to earn more salary. Thus, employees of the organization will not be motivated to act in the interest of the company. Similarly, the traditional system under use has the potential of causing the management to be disconnected from the strategic plan of the firm. This is because the managers will be obsessed in  achieving the correct numbers that can cause the strategic purpose of the budgeting process to be missed.

Proposal for Inventory System Essay Example for Free

Proposal for Inventory System Essay In today’s global world, access to basic and quality healthcare is crucial and imperative in order to have a good and healthy life. In view of this, access to quality and affordable drugs is a basic raw material in enhancing good and quality healthcare. It is therefore necessary and important to ensure that patients can easily get access to quality, un-expired and affordable drugs for the treatment of their diseases and sicknesses. Most importantly the efficiency with which these services are carried out can go a long way to save lives and improve upon the health status of individuals. Medisol Pharmaceutical Company Limited is a private retail pharmaceutical company established in Ghana and their main focus is to regularly sell pharmaceuticals, skin care products, baby care products and cosmetics to its customers. The company makes continuous efforts to maximize client’s satisfaction by providing good customer service and also segmenting their market so as to enable customers have easy access to their sales outlets. The company has its head office at Kanda and two other branches at west legon and kasowa respectively with their main target groups being the general public. Medisol Pharmaceutical Company ltd. has two major departments namely the Finance/Administrative Department and the Retail Department which are directly under the supervision of the CEO. The company has numerical staff strength of five (5) comprising of a CEO, a superintendent pharmacist, pharmacist, an accountant and a medicine counter assistant. Below is an organogram of Medisol Pharmaceutical company ltd. The Finance/Administrative department which is headed by the accountant handles mainly the financial and administrative tasks of the company. The company’s Retail Department serves as a liaison between Medisol and its customers and is headed by the Medicine Counter Assistant. The main responsibilities of this department are to manage the retail stock, sell items to customers and submit weekly reports to the CEO. Medisol’s operations are solely manual; as our team got to the company we were privileged to speak to the head of the retail department who explained thoroughly to us how the manual process takes place. The process starts with stock purchase where the medicine counter assistant makes a list of all needed items to be bought. This list is sent to their wholesalers for delivery of the items. Upon delivery, the items are crossed checked with the order list made and a sales invoice is then given to Medisol which is then filed in a purchasing file. Items to be sold are arranged on shelves with price tags on each item. Details of items sold are recorded in a sales book. Retail stocks are taken three times in a month and the process used is as follows; -Drugs on the shelves are counted and the quantity is crossed checked with the sales invoice kept in the purchase file(which shows quantity of items bought ), this is done to know the quantity of items sold -The quantity of sold items is then crossed checked from the sales books to further check if the items were really sold, expired or stolen. This process helps them to know how much items have been sold, how much stock is left and also determine whether to make an order or not. Medisol also has a special way of identifying expired drugs so that they won’t be sold to customers, with this the medicine counter assistant prepares a manual list of drugs whose expiry date falls within a particular year hence every six months this list is checked for drugs which have their expiry dates closer or already expired. Those almost about to expire are sold faster while those already expired are cleared from the shelves and discarded. In today’s world it is impossible to compete in the job market without a working knowledge of IT. It is therefore imperative that Medisol Pharmaceutical Company Limited implement and invest into good inventory control management system that have the ability to track, report and replenish stock. This will then improve accuracy and enhance safety and efficiency thereby helping the resale department decrease stock errors. This solution is intended to help the department to manage all transactions of received stocks, price, quantity and invoice. Security of this system will be enhanced, making it impossible for items to be misplaced or stolen. The benefits of the computerized inventory control system to Medisol Pharmaceutical Company ltd. is to make inventory decisions that minimize the total cost of inventory, which is distinctly different from minimizing inventory. It is often more expensive to run out of an item (and thus be forced to obtain it through more expensive channels) than simply to keep more units in stock. Several models have been proposed in the literature for minimizing the total cost of inventory through the use of an economic order quantity, which attempts to balance the carrying costs of inventory with the cost of running out of an item. Most pharmacy inventory decisions involve replenishmenthow much to order, when to decide to order, and when to place the order.

Hamlet or the Epic of Son-Jara - The Biggest Influence on The Lion King

The Lion King is Disney's most successful movie to date. Many believe that the Lion King is Disney's only original movie; the only movie not previously a fairy tale from one country or another. In fact, The Lion King is in on based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Disney writers conceal the basic character archetypes and simplified storyline in a children's tale of cute lions in Africa. On the other hand William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was based on the Epic of Son-Jara or Sundiata. This lead to the debate is the Lion King based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet or the West African story, the Epic of Son-Jara. Simba, Hamlet, and Son-Jara are all heroes in their own story. All of them must take on a villain that knew very well, but who does Simba’s journey resemble the most Does Simba represent Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, or Son-Jara, the lion king. The characters in The Lion King closely resemble the characters in Hamlet. Simba, the main character in The Lion King, embodies Hamlet. Simba and Hamlet are the son of kings and both are the rightful heirs to the throne. â€Å"By pairing the play Hamlet with the Disney movie, The Lion King, students discover that both Hamlet and Simba represent the mythical archetype of exiled child whose role is to restore world order and who has a heroic task. Students also realize that they too are unique individuals on heroic journeys.†(Gavin 55) Hamlet and Simba, when he was a lion cub, were banished from their homes. Simba exiled himself because he believed that he killed his own father but, it was in fact his uncle scar that killed him. Hamlet, on the under hand, was sent off to college by his uncle Claudius. Claudius became the king of Denmark after death of Hamlet’s father. Claudius believed that Hamlet played a ha... .... Dir. Roger Allers. Walt Disney Pictures, 1994. Flim. Simon, Peter Ed. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Shorter second edition, Vol.I. New York: W.W. Norton + Company, 2009 Nobumitsu .The Epic of Son-Jara. Simon 1552-1587 William Shakespeare. Hamlet. Simon 1782-1872 Gavin, Rosemarie. The Lion King" and "Hamlet": A Homecoming for the Exiled Child. The English Journal 3rd ser. 85 (1996): 55-57. Print. Paterno, Domenica R. "The True Lion King of Africa: The Epic History of Sundiata, King of Old Mali." Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English. Orlando. 16-21 Nov. 1994. Speech. "Q&A WITH THE DIRECTORS OF DISNEY'S THE LION KING!" Interview by Victor Medina. Q&A WITH THE DIRECTORS OF DISNEY'S THE LION KING! Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Hamlet or the Epic of Son-Jara - The Biggest Influence on The Lion King The Lion King is Disney's most successful movie to date. Many believe that the Lion King is Disney's only original movie; the only movie not previously a fairy tale from one country or another. In fact, The Lion King is in on based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Disney writers conceal the basic character archetypes and simplified storyline in a children's tale of cute lions in Africa. On the other hand William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was based on the Epic of Son-Jara or Sundiata. This lead to the debate is the Lion King based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet or the West African story, the Epic of Son-Jara. Simba, Hamlet, and Son-Jara are all heroes in their own story. All of them must take on a villain that knew very well, but who does Simba’s journey resemble the most Does Simba represent Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, or Son-Jara, the lion king. The characters in The Lion King closely resemble the characters in Hamlet. Simba, the main character in The Lion King, embodies Hamlet. Simba and Hamlet are the son of kings and both are the rightful heirs to the throne. â€Å"By pairing the play Hamlet with the Disney movie, The Lion King, students discover that both Hamlet and Simba represent the mythical archetype of exiled child whose role is to restore world order and who has a heroic task. Students also realize that they too are unique individuals on heroic journeys.†(Gavin 55) Hamlet and Simba, when he was a lion cub, were banished from their homes. Simba exiled himself because he believed that he killed his own father but, it was in fact his uncle scar that killed him. Hamlet, on the under hand, was sent off to college by his uncle Claudius. Claudius became the king of Denmark after death of Hamlet’s father. Claudius believed that Hamlet played a ha... .... Dir. Roger Allers. Walt Disney Pictures, 1994. Flim. Simon, Peter Ed. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Shorter second edition, Vol.I. New York: W.W. Norton + Company, 2009 Nobumitsu .The Epic of Son-Jara. Simon 1552-1587 William Shakespeare. Hamlet. Simon 1782-1872 Gavin, Rosemarie. The Lion King" and "Hamlet": A Homecoming for the Exiled Child. The English Journal 3rd ser. 85 (1996): 55-57. Print. Paterno, Domenica R. "The True Lion King of Africa: The Epic History of Sundiata, King of Old Mali." Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English. Orlando. 16-21 Nov. 1994. Speech. "Q&A WITH THE DIRECTORS OF DISNEY'S THE LION KING!" Interview by Victor Medina. Q&A WITH THE DIRECTORS OF DISNEY'S THE LION KING! Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Complete the Ethical Lens Inventory Essay

Over the past few years I have been in the ‘finding myself’ phase. I have always been a person to be analytical and constantly working things through in my head. As of recent, I have been meaning to find purpose and meaning for all things humane. I would guess in the pursuit of happiness as they say. I often find myself wanting to reach out and see what I can do in my own pursuit to help others along the way. After taking the Ethical Lens game I can most definitely identify myself with the Rights and Responsibility lens. At a young age, I was attracted to my neighborhood church. I remember waking up to dress and walk myself there, to be around others in the community coming together for united purposes. After reading this specific lens focuses its ideals as said ‘through Nature or given by God’ as the way for man kind to strive to abide. A secondary value of this lens is loyalty. Nowadays, I find myself having to think about how far one should take loyalty. I have been in many debates on fairness to others. Defending friendships or family to the point where I’ve lost a few friendships from debating what I thought was right in a situation and came off too strong. That point leads to my blind spot, which was identified in this exercise as the ‘Belief that motive justifies method’. Looking back I can agree that I have hurt people unintentionally with what I thought was fair but being too pushy or as said in the inventory, having the risk of being too bossy. Also, I find often have to send myself reminders of not to be so judgemental of others when they don’t live up to the expectations I believe they should have for their lives. Yes I know ‘I have some nerve’. I am glad this was also pointed out as a risk in the inventory as my vice. The Ethical Lens Inventory now solidifies areas in my life that I now know for sure deserves immediate attention if I want to move forward and have succesful relationshi ps. I have never taken an ethical inventory in such detail as  this. I am grateful for this experience to identify my strengths and weaknesses in this unique exercise.

Vampire Academy Chapter 22

TWENTY-TWO â€Å"HEAL YOU?† Heal him? My thoughts echoed hers. â€Å"You're the only way,† he said patiently. â€Å"The only way to cure this disease. I've been watching you for years, waiting until I was certain.† Lissa shook her head. â€Å"I can't†¦no. I can't do anything like that.† â€Å"Your healing powers are incredible. No one has any idea just how powerful.† â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Come now, Vasilisa. I know about the raven – Natalie saw you do it. She'd been following you. And I know how you healed Rose.† She realized the pointlessness of denying it. â€Å"That†¦was different. Rose wasn't that hurt. But you†¦I can't do anything about Sandovsky's Syndrome.† â€Å"Not that hurt?† he laughed. â€Å"I'm not talking about her ankle – which was still impressive. I'm talking about the car accident. Because you're right, you know. Rose didn't get ? ®that hurt.' She died.† He let the words sink in. â€Å"That's†¦no. She lived,† Lissa finally managed. â€Å"No. Well, yes, she did. But I read all the reports. There was no way she should have survived – especially with so many injuries. You healed her. You brought her back.† He sighed, half wistful and half weary. â€Å"I'd suspected you could do this for so long, and I tried so hard to repeat it†¦to see how much you could control†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa caught on and gasped. â€Å"The animals. It was you.† â€Å"With Natalie's help.† â€Å"Why would you do that? How could you?† â€Å"Because I had to know. I have only a few more weeks to live, Vasilisa. If you can truly bring back the dead, then you can cure Sandovsky's. I had to know before I took you away that you could heal at will and not just in moments of panic.† â€Å"Why take me at all?† A spark of anger flared up in her. â€Å"You're my near-uncle. If you wanted me to do this – if you really think I can†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice and feelings showed me she didn't really entirely believe she could heal him. â€Å"Then why kidnap me? Why didn't you just ask?† â€Å"Because it's not a onetime affair. It took a long time to figure out what you are, but I managed to acquire some of the old histories†¦scrolls kept out of Moroi museums. When I read about how wielding spirit works – â€Å" â€Å"Wielding what?† â€Å"Spirit. It's what you've specialized in.† â€Å"I haven't specialized in anything! You're crazy.† â€Å"Where else do you think these powers of yours have come from? Spirit is another element, one few people have any more.† Lissa's mind was still reeling from the kidnapping and the possible truth that she'd brought me back from the dead. â€Å"That doesn't make any sense. Even if it wasn't common, I still would have heard of another element! Or of someone having it.† â€Å"No one knows about spirit anymore. It's been forgotten. When people do specialize in it, nobody realizes it. They think the person simply hasn't specialized at all.† â€Å"Look, if you're just trying to make me feel – † She abruptly cut herself off. She was angry and afraid, but behind those emotions, her higher reasoning had been processing what he'd said about spirit users and specializing. It now caught up with her. â€Å"Oh my God. Vladimir and Ms. Karp.† He gave her a knowing look. â€Å"You've known about this all along.† â€Å"No! I swear. It's just something Rose was looking into†¦She said they were like me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa was starting to change from a little scared to all scared. The news was too shocking. â€Å"They are like you. The books even say Vladimir was ? ®full of spirit.' † Victor seemed to find that funny. Seeing that smile made me want to slap him. â€Å"I thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa still wanted him to be wrong. The idea of not specializing was safer than specializing in some freakish element. â€Å"I thought that meant, like, the Holy Spirit.† â€Å"So does everyone else, but no. It's something else entirely. An element that's within all of us. A master element that can give you indirect control over the others.† Apparently my theory about her specializing in all the elements wasn't so far off. She worked hard to get a grip on this news and her own self-control. â€Å"That doesn't answer my question. It doesn't matter if I have this spirit thing or whatever. You didn't have to kidnap me.† â€Å"Spirit, as you've seen, can heal physical injuries. Unfortunately, it's only good on acute injuries. Onetime things. Rose's ankle. The accident wounds. For something chronic – say, a genetic disease like Sandovsky's – continual healings are required. Otherwise it will keep coming back. That's what would happen to me. I need you, Vasilisa. I need you to help me fight this and keep it away. So I can live.† â€Å"That still doesn't explain why you took me,† she argued. â€Å"I would have helped you if you'd asked.† â€Å"They never would have let you do it. The school. The council. Once they got over the shock of finding a spirit user, they'd get hung up on ethics. After all, how does one choose who gets to be healed? They'd say it wasn't fair. That it was like playing God. Or else they'd worry about the toll it'd take on you.† She flinched, knowing exactly what toll he referred to. Seeing her expression, he nodded. â€Å"Yes. I won't lie to you. It will be hard. It will exhaust you – mentally and physically. But I must do it. I am sorry. You'll be provided with feeders and other entertainments for your services.† She leapt from the chair. Ben immediately stepped forward and pushed her back into it. â€Å"And then what? Are you going to just make me a prisoner here? Your own private nurse?† He made that annoying open-palmed gesture again. â€Å"I'm sorry. I have no choice.† White-hot anger blasted away the fear inside of her. She spoke in a low voice. â€Å"Yes. You don't have the choice, because this is me we're talking about.† â€Å"It's better for you this way. You know how the others turned out. How Vladimir spent the last of his days stark, raving mad. How Sonya Karp had to be taken away. The trauma you've experienced since the accident comes from more than just your family's loss. It's from using spirit. The accident woke the spirit in you; your fear over seeing Rose dead made it burst out, allowing you to heal her. It forged your bond. And once it's out, you can't put it back. It's a powerful element – but it's also dangerous. Earth users get their power from the earth, air users from the air. But spirit? Where do you think that comes from?† She glared. â€Å"It comes from you, from your own essence. To heal another, you must give part of yourself. The more you do that, the more it will destroy you over time. You must be noticing that already. I've seen how much certain things upset you, how fragile you are.† â€Å"I'm not fragile,† snapped Lissa. â€Å"And I'm not going to go crazy. I'm going to stop using spirit before things get worse.† He smiled. â€Å"Stop using it? You might as well stop breathing. Spirit has its own agenda†¦You'll always have the urge to help and heal. It's part of you. You resisted the animals, but you didn't think twice about helping Rose. You can't even help compulsion – which spirit also gives you special strength in. And that's how it will always be. You can't avoid spirit. Better to stay here, in isolation, away from further sources of stress. You'd either have become increasingly unstable at the Academy, or they would have put you on some pill that would have made you feel better but stunted your power.† A calm core of confidence settled inside her, one very different from what I'd observed over the last couple of years. â€Å"I love you, Uncle Victor, but I'm the one who has to deal with that and decide what to do. Not you. You're making me give up my life for yours. That's not fair.† â€Å"It's a matter of which life means more. I love you too. Very much. But the Moroi are falling apart. Our numbers are dropping as we let the Strigoi prey upon us. We used to actively seek them out. Now Tatiana and the other leaders hide away. They keep you and your peers isolated. In the old days, you were trained to fight alongside your guardians! You were taught to use magic as a weapon. Not any longer. We wait. We are victims.† As he stared off, both Lissa and I could see how caught up in his passion he was. â€Å"I would have changed that if I were king. I would have brought about a revolution the likes of which neither Moroi nor Strigoi have ever seen. I should have been Tatiana's heir. She was ready to name me before they discovered the disease, and then she would not. If I were cured†¦if I were cured, I could take my rightful place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His words triggered something inside of Lissa, a sudden consideration for the state of the Moroi. She'd never contemplated what he'd said, about how different it might be if Moroi and their guardians fought side by side to rid the world of the Strigoi and their evil. It reminded her of Christian and what he'd said about using magic as a weapon too. But even if she did appreciate Victor's convictions, neither of us thought it was worth what he wanted her to do. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she whispered. â€Å"I'm sorry for you. But please don't make me do this.† â€Å"I have to.† She looked him straight in the eye. â€Å"I won't do it.† He inclined his head, and someone stepped forward from the corner. Another Moroi. No one I knew. Walking around behind Lissa, he untied her hands. â€Å"This is Kenneth.† Victor held his hands out toward her free ones. â€Å"Please, Vasilisa. Take my hands. Send the magic through me just as you did with Rose.† She shook her head. â€Å"No.† His voice was less kindly when he spoke again. â€Å"Please. One way or another, you will heal me. I'd rather it be on your terms, not ours.† She shook her head again. He made a slight gesture toward Kenneth. And that's when the pain started. Lissa screamed. I screamed. In the SUV, Dimitri's grip on the wheel jerked in surprise, making us veer. Casting me an alarmed look, he started to pull over. â€Å"No, no! Keep going!† I pressed my palms to my temples. â€Å"We have to get there!† From behind my seat, Alberta reached forward and rested a hand on my shoulder. â€Å"Rose, what's happening?† I blinked back tears. â€Å"They're torturing her†¦with air. This guy†¦Kenneth†¦he's making it press against her†¦into her head. The pressure's insane. It feels like my – her – skull's gonna explode.† I started sobbing. Dimitri looked at me out of the corner of his eye and pressed the gas pedal down harder. Kenneth didn't stop with just the physical force of air. He also used it to affect her breathing. Sometimes he'd smother her with it; other times he'd take it all away and leave her gasping. After enduring all that firsthand – and it was bad enough secondhand – I felt pretty confident I would have done anything they wanted. And finally, she did. Hurting and bleary-eyed, Lissa took Victor's hands. I'd never been in her head when she worked magic and didn't know what to expect. At first, I felt nothing. Just a sense of concentration. Then†¦it was like†¦I don't even know how to describe it. Color and light and music and life and joy and love†¦so many wonderful things, all the lovely things that make up the world and make it worth living in. Lissa summoned up all of those things, as many as she could, and sent them into Victor. The magic flowed through both of us, brilliant and sweet. It was alive. It was her life. And as wonderful as it all felt, she was growing weaker and weaker. But as all of those elements – bound by the mysterious spirit element – flowed into Victor, he grew stronger and stronger. The change was startling. His skin smoothed, no longer wrinkled and pocked. The gray thinning hair filled out, turning dark and lustrous once more. The green eyes – still jadelike – sparkled again, turning alert and lively. He'd become the Victor she remembered from her childhood. Exhausted, Lissa passed out. In the SUV, I tried to relate what was happening. Dimitri's face grew darker and darker, and he spat out a string of Russian swear words he still hadn't taught me the meanings of. When we were a quarter mile from the cabin, Alberta made a call on her cell phone, and our whole convoy pulled over. All of the guardians – more than a dozen-got out and stood huddled, planning strategy. Someone went ahead to scout and returned with a report on the number of people inside and outside of the cabin. When the group seemed ready to disperse, I started to get out of the car. Dimitri stopped me. â€Å"No, Roza. You stay here.† â€Å"The hell with that. I have to go help her.† He cupped my chin with his hands, fixing me with his eyes. â€Å"You have helped her. Your job is done. You did it well. But this isn't any place for you. She and I both need you to stay safe.† Only the realization that arguing would delay the rescue kept me quiet. Swallowing back any protests, I nodded. He nodded back and joined the others. All of them slipped off into the woods, blending with the trees. Sighing, I kicked the passenger seat back and lay down. I was so tired. Even though the sun poured through the windshield, it was night for me. I'd been up for most of it, and a lot had happened in that time. Between the adrenaline of my own role and sharing Lissa's pain, I could have passed out just like she had. Except that she was awake now. Slowly, her perceptions dominated mine once more. She lay on a couch in the cabin. One of Victor's henchmen must have carried her there after she'd fainted. Victor himself – alive and well now, thanks to his abuse of her – stood in the kitchen with the others as they all spoke in low voices about their plans. Only one stood near Lissa, keeping watch. He'd be easy to take down when Dimitri and the Badass Team burst inside. Lissa studied the lone guardian and then glanced at a window beside the couch. Still dizzy from the healing, she managed to sit up. The guardian turned around, watching her warily. She met his eyes and smiled. â€Å"You're going to stay quiet no matter what I do,† she told him. â€Å"You aren't going to call for help or tell anyone when I leave. Okay?† The thrall of compulsion slid over him. He nodded in agreement. Moving toward the window, she unlocked it and slid the glass up. As she did, a tumble of considerations played through her mind. She was weak. She didn't know how far from the Academy – from anything, really – she was. She had no clue how far she could get before someone noticed. But she also knew she might not get another chance at escape. She had no intention of spending the rest of her life in this cabin in the woods. At any other time, I would have cheered on her boldness, but not this time. Not when all those guardians were about to save her. She needed to stay put. Unfortunately, she couldn't hear my advice. Lissa climbed out the window, and I swore out loud. â€Å"What? What'd you see?† asked a voice behind me. I jerked up from my reclining position in the car, banging my head on the ceiling. Glancing behind me, I found Christian peering up from the cargo space behind the farthest backseats. â€Å"What are you doing here?† I asked. â€Å"What's it look like? I'm a stowaway.† â€Å"Don't you have a concussion or something?† He shrugged like it didn't matter. What a great pair he and Lissa were. Neither afraid to take on crazy feats while seriously injured. Still, if Kirova had made me stay behind, I would have been right beside him in the back. â€Å"What's happening?† he asked. â€Å"Did you see something new? Hastily, I told him. I also got out of the car as I spoke. He followed. â€Å"She doesn't know our guys are already coming for her. I'm going to go get her before she kills herself with exhaustion.† â€Å"What about the guardians? The school's, I mean. Are you going to tell them she's gone?† I shook my head. â€Å"They're probably already busting down the cabin's door. I'm going after her.† She was somewhere off to the right side of the cabin. I could head in that direction but wouldn't be able to get very precise until I was much closer to her. Still, it didn't matter. I had to find her. Seeing Christian's face, I couldn't resist giving him a dry smile. â€Å"And yeah, I know. You're going with me.†

Prostate Cancer Treatment

Prostate Cancer Treatment Introduction The treatment of prostate cancer is normally accompanied by some undesirable side effects such as bowel and urinary incontinence, and most commonly, erectile dysfunction. According to Klein (2000), of all these any other side effects, it is the erectile dysfunction (ED) that is the most common and the one that bother’s most men because they fear that it may negatively interfere with their sex lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prostate Cancer Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yeung, Escalante and Gagel (2009) observe that most of the post-prostate cancer treatment men fear that the treatment may not only significantly reduce the quality of their lives, but may also result in an increase in anxiety, depression and strains in their relationships with their partners. It is with such concerns that the issue of sexual treatment after prostate surgery has become meaningful and significant i n the field of the psychology of sexuality. Even though the chances of these individuals developing sexual dysfunction after the treatment are high, it is not all lost for such patients because there are some forms of treatment that have been developed to help them regain their sexual functions. Background There is still no evidence that suggests that prostate cancer causes sexual dysfunction (Yarbro, Wujcik Gobel, 2010) but several studies have revealed that the methods utilized in treating prostate cancer can actually lead to erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction may psychologically make it difficult for one to have intimacy even without penetrative sex, and this can in turn result in other negative effects. According to an article published by Bivins (2008), prostate cancer treatment methods including cryosurgery, removal of prostate gland by surgery, hormone therapy, and radiation therapy, combined with other determining factors during the recovery period all contribute to the chances of a post-prostate cancer treatment individual developing ED and sexual dysfunction. As noted by Suls, Davison and Kaplan (2010), some of the treatment methods have a higher chance of resulting to ED compared to the others. Statement of the issue While it is true that the treatment of prostate cancer affects sexual performance, there are several treatments available that could help affected couples get intimate, even without vaginal intercourse. Definition of terms Erectile Dysfunction: According to Melman and Newnham (2011), erectile dysfunction is the inability of the penis to erect even with stimulation.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sexual dysfunction: According to Mulhall (2009), sexual dysfunction is the inability to have sexual intimacy. Penetrative or vaginal sexual Intercourse: Mulhall (2010) defines penetrative sexual intercourse as intimacy w hich entails sexual contact between the female and male sexual organs. Literature review Melman and Newnham (2011) point out that before treating sexual dysfunction problems, it is first of all important to distinguish between the physically and psychologically causes of sexual dysfunction and that it is only from the psychological causes that an individual can fully recover. Melman and Newnham (2011), also observe that it is normal for men who have undergone prostate cancer treatment to suffer from ED for some period of time, usually for two years or slightly more. This inability to sustain an erection may lead to frustrations and anxiety, especially if there is some pressure to perform from his partner, and these may make it difficult to share intimate moments. The psychological situation of the men during the recovery years plays an important role in determining if they will fully recover from sexual dysfunction because by harboring negative thoughts regarding full recovery, one can actually lose the desire to get intimate with his partner (Penedo, Antoni Schneidermann, 2008). As observed by Ganz and Horning (2007), the loss of the desire to get intimate with one’s partner after prostate cancer treatment is in many times multi-factorial, rather than a purely hormonal problem. The authors point out that risk factors associated with cancer treatment including post-treatment fatigue , nausea or pain, perceiving oneself as less attractive for sex after cancer, genital blood flow, and loss of sexual pleasure due to change in skin sensitivity, to mention but a few, can reduce an individual’s desire for intimacy, even if does not involve penetrative sex.. Given the numerous challenges that can affect sexual activity following treatment of prostate cancer, oncology nurses and other health care providers should educate couples on other viable ways of getting intimate without penetrative sexual intercourse. Intimacy without sexual intercourse can be ju st as satisfying as penetrative sex especially if the communication between the couple is good. A couple that openly expresses their feelings to each other can easily find numerous ways of working out their intimacy needs (Torrey Stoiber, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prostate Cancer Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most important things that a couple can do as soon as possible is to readjust their expectations regarding intimacy. In instead of comparing the post-treatment intimacy to the pre-treatment intimacy, the couple should focus on how to make the present, post treatment sexual life more enjoyable (Hennenfent, 2005). Yet another treatment plan for post-cancer couples is to begin Sensate Focus Exercises which teach couples how to derive sexual pleasure from touching. These exercises relieve the couple from the pressure to have penetrative sex and therefore help to refocus the min ds of couples from the ED problems that they are facing (Pachana, Laidlaw Knight, 2010). These exercises can also lay the foundation for new ideas of intimacy in a relationship. As observed by Rainey and Rainey (1995), women miss casual touching as much as (sometimes more than) penetrative sex. Couples should therefore engage in physically touching each other as a way of getting intimate. Evaluation and critique From the above literature review, one thing that comes out clear is that the biggest concern after treatment of prostate cancer is intimacy among affected couples. While the sexual performance of most affected men changes following the prostate cancer treatment and they may never be able to have sex and orgasms as they used to before the treatment, couples can still get intimate after prostate cancer without engaging in penetrative sex. Summary and future directions Given that prostate cancer treatment interferes with the sexual performance, in particular vaginal intercours e, the affected couples should seek help from health care providers who specialize in sexuality on ways of continuing with their intimacy. References Bivins ( Feb, 2008). After the prostate cancer diagnosis. Ebony,63 (4) 50-52 Ganz, P.A. Horning, S. (2007). Cancer survivorship: today and tomorrow. New York, NY: Springer. Hennenfent, B. (2005). Surviving prostate cancer without surgery. Roseville, IL: Roseville books.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Klein, E.A. (2000). Management of Prostate Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Melman, A. Newnham, R. (2011). After prostate cancer: A what-comes-next guide to a safe and informed recovery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Mulhall, J.P. (2009). Sexual Function in the prostate cancer patient. New York: Springer. Pachana, N., Ladlaw, K. Knight, B. (2010). Casebook of clinical Geropsychology: International Perspectives on practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Penedo, F.J., Antoni, M.H. Schneiderman, N. (2008). Cognitive-Behavioral Stress management for prostate cancer recovery. New York, NY: Oxford university Press. Rainey, D Rainey, B. (1995). Moments together for couples: devotions for drawing near God and one another. Ventura, CA: Gospel light Suls, J.M. Davidson, K.W. Kaplan, R.M. (2010). Handbook of health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Torrey, E Stoiber, C. (2008). Surviving prostate cancer: what you need to know to make inf ormed decisions. New York, NY: Yale University Press. Yabro, C.H., Wujcik, D., Gobel, B.H. (2010). Cancer Nursing: principles and practice. Sudbury, MA :Jones Barlett Learning. Yeung, S.J., Escalante, C.P Gagel, R.F. (2009). Medical Care of Cancer Patients. Shelton, CT: PMPH-USA.

Gis and spatial analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gis and spatial analysis - Research Paper Example In this paper we will tackle the topic in the order of what the organization has used GIS and Spatial analysis for in the realization of its objectives. We will then proceed to see how the organization uses the two important tools to help them achieve their desired objectives of leveraging their conceptual and empirical research in economics and sociology hence providing analysis that helps in informing both economic and social policy making. We would further look at what the benefits and challenges of GIS and Spatial analysis are to ESRI in the achievements of their objectives (Martin, 2009). Finally, the paper will conclude by making recommendations to help management improve the organization through the effective and efficient use of the two tools in the future. It is wise to note that the users of GIS and spatial analysis do so on the premise that it would help them identify and understand markets better. ESRI customers worldwide have known the products offered ESRI through GIS a nd spatial analysis tools (About ESRI. (n.d.). This organization in Ireland among other things is concerned with providing healthcare information to the government of Ireland and they employ the use of GIS and Spatial analysis to do this. This position is informed by the fact that geographic variation in the population and the need of the population for healthcare provides the foundation for analysis and planning of health services (Longley & Clarke, 1995). The population in Ireland is not spread evenly across the country and such population differs along many dimensions. These dimensions range from gender, age, culture and the economic status. These affect the need of the population need and distribution of healthcare in terms of their ability to travel and obtain healthcare as well as the services they are willing and able to utilize (Kurland & Gorr, 2012). GIS and spatial analysis is hence used to explore and analyze the geographical variations in the need for health services and hence develop the innovative signs of healthcare needed by the population. Through the Health Research and Information Division ESRI has the responsibility of supporting, managing and developing HIPE and NPRS which are the two National Health Databases in Ireland. This data is exhaustively available through the ease of extraction offered by GIS and Spatial analysis (Pfeiffer, 2008). The needed health information by the country and the organization is that which reflects the characteristics of people, their behaviors and their surrounding environments of work and residence. The two tools, GIS and the Spatial analysis procedure has been used for years now for the purpose of linking diverse layers of population and environmental data with the aim of the organization characterizing the main dimensions of healthcare need for the country at large. The organization has since used the two tools to create health profiles for the various communities of Ireland; these include the description of their demographics, economic and characteristics of their lifecycles as well as their exposure to hazards in their environments (Martin, 2009). To create such outcomes for use by the interested stakeholders the able

International trade ( Economic ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International trade ( Economic ) - Essay Example In the perception of many in the developing world, the IMF has played major roles in helping countries overcome financial problems such as those that occurred in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, and Turkey. The problem with Turkey sticks out like a sore thumb: the country has had it eighteenth program with the IMF but its problem persists. In 1997, the IMF thrust itself into prominence when it intervened in the Asian Financial Crisis as countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines – and more particularly, South Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia -- saw the value of their currencies plummet to unprecedented lows. The timely assistance provided by the world financial body helped these countries tide over the crisis but the process was fraught with painful adjustments and even triggered harsh criticism of IMF policy measures in these countries as to their appropriateness, given the peculiar domestic macroeconomic conditions. South Korea obtained a $55 billion credit from the IMF with certain attached conditions. South Korea was to open its economy and banking system to foreign investors and eliminate trade-related subsidies and import licensing, thereby making it vulnerable to foreign competition . The IMF also required the country to maintain a low inflation rate of 5 per cent. This was inconsistent with th e fact that the fall in the value of the Korean won and subsequent rise in import prices would create pressures on domestic prices. The unpleasant consequence of this was that the high interest rates made all the more difficult for South Korean companies to service their debts, thus the IMF was criticized for exacerbating the crisis these companies were facing instead of abating them. By applying cut-and-dried solutions to problems in countries with unique problems, the IMF opened itself to criticism of lack of

Chinese Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese Contract Law - Essay Example China views this as a way of enhancing political stability. Labor and business interest groups have been the most affected by the contact law. Many businesses have been forced to close as the cost of production increased. History and role of contract law Contracts are perceived to be the backbone of any market economy. China adopted a contract law in 1999. The law was divided into general and specific provisions. Besides, the contract law had supplementary provisions. The Chinese borrowed heavily from UNIDROIT principles. The laws had been drafted to cover a wide scope of contract issues. However, the Chinese needed a superior law that would sustain the economic growth. This led to enactment of another contract law in 2008. Contractual relationships are the essence of business transactions. Many countries agree that one of the keys of economic development is contact enforceability (Chow 2002). The usage of credit and capital is critical to the mechanism of market economy (Glinow & Te agarden 1988). Contracts are enforceable in a court of law, and this secures the possibility of credit sales. Weber argues that rationalization is one of the major characteristics of the modern society. Tasks are completed through broken down processes. The specialized rules are accessed in terms of the exact figures. Through this, future events are managed in a rational way. The process enables large-scale transactions to be conducted (Kitch 1980). A telling example is modern accounting. Accounts are broken down in balance sheets. This is followed by profit and loss accounts. The financial status of a business can be explained in terms of assets and liabilities (Zhang 2006). This explains when contract law is viewed as influential when it comes to economic and infrastructural development. China is no longer a place where cheap knock off products are developed (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). Although the practice of producing counterfeits continues, the quality of modern counterf eits is improved tremendously. The Chinese contact law puts immense emphasis on the clarity of contracts. Article 12 stipulates and describes what the contents of a written contract should be. Advantages of contract law China is nearly meeting the international standards when it comes to contractual legislation. The contract law has eliminated ambiguities when it comes to guidelines on entering into contractual agreements in China. Therefore, the outcome of foreign business contracts is predictable. Benefits The major provision of that gives credible interpretation to Chinese contact law is article 125. The contractual obligations can be supplemented through the provisions of the law (Yongping & Weidi 2008). This occurs when something vital fails to be captured in a contract. Some of those sources include the provision of laws, principle of good faith and transaction usage (Yongping & Weidi 2008). Articles 5 and 6 are firm on the concepts of good faith and fairness. These are some o f the benefits of the Chinese contract laws to the foreigners (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). There is an intentional move by the Chinese contract law to create a conducive environment for the foreigners. However, some of the provisions of the new law have an impact on the profitability of the foreign businesses. The article 92 of the Chinese contract law governs post contractual duties between the involved parties. The article suggests an employee is expected to act in a reasonable way

Obscenity Laws and the Canadian Charter of Freedom and Rights Essay

Obscenity Laws and the Canadian Charter of Freedom and Rights - Essay Example Canadians are now at risk of suffering from perverse and obscene acts basically due to the Human Rights Act of 1998 overshadowing these laws. The main issue here is that it is impossible for the children of Canada to be safeguarded and protected from instances of child pornography and other ill affects because these laws can not be relied upon fully to efficiently protect their rights in particular. There is no doubt that this holds inexplicit validity as, instead of the obscenity law really helping, it is placing more adverse repercussions onto the children due to the fact that it is unreliable. How can a child find any normalcy and guaranteed protection for their life from child pornography if a court is going to rule it a piece of art Therefore, not only are the children at risk of harm by such actions but the parents who are trying to guard them from being confronted with the various negativities associated with obscenities such as child prostitution and pornography are as well. This is not only off balance in protecting the children's rights and mental health but it is an issue of inequality as well for it appears that the idea of what is art holds more credence in the courts than does the life and well being of a child in particular and there is no equality in that. In this regard these laws are not wholly fair and it is agreed that the following research is true to the f act that these laws are unjust at times. For example, a person accused of child pornography can only be prosecuted if the gathered material is found to be eliciting youth who are underage in obvious sexual acts and even then the proof must be irrefutable1. Undoubtedly, where the main problem with the law is coming in at is in how the Courts are having to ensure that even the violators rights are upheld as well. For instance, an individual can be charged with breaching the obscenity law with regard to child pornography but they can argue that their material is strictly of art and is therefore not obscene. In order to protect each individual's rights in Canada the court must pause and consider the weight of the evidence and decide what degree of obscenity it actually holds if any. As was stated, it isn't fair to the children to even allow room to question child pornography in this regard as it is hurting the children of the country, not helping them. In other words, a child being sexu ally solicited for the false idea of making art is totally wrong and how the courts could construe the law to see it in this light is an injustice to the children and parents of Canada. Pornography is pornography, period. It does not make sense to try and find an art form in child pornography when it is demoralizing the children of the country to do so. However, it is also the law that individuals must show valid proof that an obscene act limited or impinged upon their constitutional rights. If they are unable to provide the factual basis of a claim then the courts will dismiss the case, which too many is unfair as well as unjust in upholding

The History And Origins Of Conference Industry

The History And Origins Of Conference Industry This chapter assumes a literature review of the conference industry. It begins by establishing the scene of conference through the history and origins of industry, and a reflection about industry structure. Furthermore a review the industry growth is taken into consideration. It follows with a close examination of conference impacts such as economic, environmental, technological, social and cultural, also a consideration on employment generation. Finally, it analysis the future challenges of the conference industry. 2.2 The history and origins of Conference Industry Conference has been existed for a long time as there have been people, the meeting has been happening. Researches and investigations of ancient cultures, archaeologists have found evidences of primitive ruins that has been used by people to meet and to discuss interests, or either celebrations (Spiller, 2002 p. 3). A launch event of contemporary conference was held from June 1814 to September 1814, called Congress the Vienna. The purpose of Congress de Vienna was to establish the territorial divisions of Europe at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and representatives included all of the major world powers of the day (Rogers, 2008; Davidson and Cope, 2003). Industrialisation spread throughout the Western Europe and America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth. The development of industry and commerce increases the need of meeting between businesspeople and professionals, aimed to discuss and exchange ideas (Spiller, 2002 p. 5-6). The origin of the conference industry is very recent, hardly 50 years of age in North America and Europe, in addition in the most rest of the world still very younger. However, conference and meetings of people have happened since early days of civilisation progress (Rogers, 2003). Nowadays, conference sector is believed to be one of the most lucrative and attractive sector of tourism industry, despite partly to the high economic benefits for the hosting community (Crouch and Louviere, 2004). The conference sector of the business industry is valued in a hundreds of billions of pounds per year on a global scale (Rogers, 2003). Since earlier 60s, conference sector has been supported by investments received in the whole infrastructure, helping to a steadily growth during the 90s, which was a decade with one of the highest sustained investments recorded. Even if the industry is maturing fast, due to its vigorous, a lack of some necessary description needs to be more established, such as appropriate training and education structure, and well-defined terminology. The conference industry has to address these weakness to claim a deserve position (Rogers, 2003). 2.3 The Suppliers In response to an extensive and diverse demand for meetings and conferences of all kinds, suppliers have to offer a wide variety of services, facilities and infrastructures to attend the great variety of events (Davidson and Cope, 2003). These have augmented in diversity and quantity, at the same speed the industry has grown over the past 50 years (Rogers, 2003). However, quite few of these suppliers are committed to the conference industry only (Rogers, 2003; Leask and Spiller, 2002). Rogers (2003) has separated the industrys supply into three leading type of venue as subsequent. 2.3.1 The Venues Venues are the places where business tourism events take place, in theory almost any type of building could be promoted as a conference venue (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2001). Additionally in Britain there are over 3500 venues supported as suitable for meetings and conferences (Rogers 2008). However, according to Leask and Spiller (2002), for venues develop an input of the conference industry, they should have certain characteristics, such as offers a purpose-built facilities that present multiple usages, flexibility in their design and having suitable lighting system and breakout space. Nevertheless, Rogers, 1998 and Leask and Spiller, 2002 emphasis that many venues such as hotels, academic venue and unusual venues do not focus on the conference segment entirely. The figure below represents an analysis of the different types of conference venues in the UK. Figure 2.1 Analysis of the UKs conference venues and type Source: Adapted from British Association of Conference Destinations (BACD) in Rogers, 2008. 2.3.1.1 Hotels Despite the increase of many different forms of venue, hotels are predominantly vital to the corporate market sector, creating around two-thirds of all conference venues (Rogers, 2003; Davidson and Cope, 2003). The advantages of holding an event in a hotel are that guests can easily walk to the meeting rooms, which costs for transportation can be avoided (Allen, 2000). A vast range of hotels can both offer accommodation and quite a few conference and meeting-style facilities (McCabe et al., 2000). Rogers (2003) come across that hotel represents two third of all conference venues, being mainly significant to the corporate market sector and the main types of hotel active in the conference market are showed in the table below. Table 2.1 Main types of hotel active in the conference market Hotel Characteristics Central business district hotels A hotel located in the central business district of the town tends to be business-oriented, provides quality conference and meeting facilities and capable to handle corporate business. Additionally, hotels located close to large conference centres are also able to provide delegate accommodation whilst major conferences are hold. For several companies, the central location of venues is very attractive, as they comprise an effortlessly access to business offices, restaurants and entertainment. Resort hotels These types of hotels are liable to be popular for the reason that they are situated in advantageous locations with both recreational and sporting facilities in close proximity, therefore to provide an opportunity for delegates to include extra pre-and- post conference activities. In many resort hotels, the conference sector recompense the seasonality of the leisure tourism, and is acknowledged as a high-spend and high-yield business. Airport hotels Airport hotels have the prospective contribution of an additional time-saving advantage, were originally most has been built to lodge clients staying for a night, who those having a stop before, after, or in between flights. However, many companies are increasingly use them as a cost-effective way of provide a meeting for delegates travelling from between state. Also airport hotels are growing in popularity for the reason that many people are using low-cost airlines. Despite from the benefits of competitive price, convenience, and location they also provide excellent choices of meetings and conference rooms and supporting business services. Source: Adapted from McCabe et al., 2000; Rogers, 2008; Davidson, 1994; Lawson, 2000; Gosling, 2003. 2.3.1.3 Purpose-built conference centres Purpose-built conference centres can be residential and non-residential, usually provides designed areas to host meetings and conferences of large numbers of people, sometimes including an exhibition. In additionally, they normally provide halls with appropriate infrastructure to hold exhibitions and trade shows, some large rooms for plenary sessions, variety of meeting rooms, breakout areas, banqueting facilities, a business centre, offices and administration space. They also provide catering facilities simultaneously with a trained professional meetings and conference team to hold the event (McCabe et al., 2000; Davidson and Cope, 2003). Furthermore, it is argued that the future for purpose conference venues is bright (Whitfield 2007; Lau et al., 2005; Litvin, 2003), in addition, a conference venue plays an important responsibility in recovering the destinations economy as well as recuperating its neglected areas (Lawson, 2000; Laslo and Judd, 2004; McNeill and Evans, 2004; Clark, 2004; Fenich, 1992). It become visible the reason why many destinations around the world are investing in the expansion or development of their convention facilities (Laslo and Judd, 2004), and it is identify that the conference industry offers a variety of opportunities at all possible levels, national, as well as organisational or individual (Getz 2005). 2.3.1.4 Academic and civic venues An increase number of academic venues, such as universities, colleges and public schools, which are investing in the construction of quality conference facilities and accommodations, are available throughout the year during the students holiday, (Walker, 2004; Rogers, 2008). Although Rogers (2008) complete saying that many of those accommodations are equivalent to considerable 3-star hotel standards. As can be seen in McCabe et al. (2000) the cost of accommodation in academics venues are liable to be inferior than in hotels, and consequently they tend to be mostly attractive to some non-profit organisations and associations that have limited budgets. In many places civic venues include council chambers and committee rooms, town halls and other civic facilities are also available for external hire (Rogers, 2003). In UK, academic venues particularly universities are playing a considerable responsibility in both responding and stimulating to the growth of the conference and meetings market, despite the fact that earning income for educational establishments (Davidson and Cope, 2003). 2.3.1.5 Unusual venues Unusual venues have been characterized as involving an ample range of facilities that are used for conference and meetings, including art galleries, museums, historical houses (Leask and Hood, 2000 in Davidson and Cope, 2003). In additional, cultural and entertainment venues, such as theatres, sporting venues, television studios; tourist attractions, such as historical sites, theme parks, castles and heritage centres as well as transport venues, including cruise ships, ferries, steam trains and canal barges can also be included as an unusual venue (Rogers, 2003). The attraction of those venues is that they can provide an event with a special appeal, which can create it memorable experience for delegates. Although some venues have high-quality conference and meeting facilities, others can be more limited in this aspect, however the setting in which the event is being organized tends to recompense for such limitation (Rogers, 2008; Davidson and Cope, 2003). As far as most of venue types has been highlighted. The table below compare the advantages and disadvantages of those venues. Different factors regards as the conference and meetings been hold in a high quality from the corporate sectors point of view and better value for money from the associations points. 3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of venues Type of venue Advantages Disadvantages Hotels Everything under on roof All inclusive quotes Airport hotel: time saving Mixing leisure and business guest Can appear to frivolous Unsuitable for large events Lack of flexibility with syndicate rooms, etc. Purpose built-conference centres Space for large events Extensive range of technology available, plus technical know-how Many offer exhibition space May not always be suitable for the growing number of smaller events No on-site accommodation Universities Good value for money Learning ambience Everything on site Ancient/modern styles Range of sizes of meeting rooms Lack of comfort and facilities May be limited to holiday periods Large sites problems of orientation between buildings Unusual venues Memorable, novelty value Cruise ships: all-in prices Limited by design restrictions due to primary function Unlike to be used several times by same client novelty value fades No on-site accommodations Source: Davidson and Cope, 2003 2.4 The Growth of conference industry The industry has experienced outstanding growth from 1960s due to a number of features from the demand and supplier sides. Regards a larger demand for conferences and meetings, various specific aspects has contributed to the industry development. Such as the growth of multinational corporations, expansion of government and quasi-governmental organization has brought the need for meetings in a public and private sector (Spiller, 2002 p. 5-6; Lawson, 2000; Davidson and Rogers, 2006). The conference industry is growing and maturing very fast, it is youthful and vibrant. In America and Europe it is hardly 50 years old and even younger in the most part of the world. Nowadays the industry itself claims to be the worlds largest, helped with international investments in large scale infrastructure projects have been undertaken all through Asia and Pacific, East European countries such as Czech Republic and Hungary, in a number of African countries, in the Middle East (Rogers, 2008). The growth of the industry is demonstrated in Rogers (2008), the evaluation of the industrys major trade shows, which is held in Barcelona. The European Incentive and Business Travel and Meeting Exhibition (EIBTM) shows that in 1988, 54 countries were represented as exhibitors, the exhibition was held in Geneva; in 2005 the numbers has doubled to 95 countries held in Barcelona. Although, the number of visitors in the same period increased from 2850 in 1988 to 5689 in 2005. 2.5 Impacts of conference events Positive and negative impacts can be generated by the conference industry. The conference sector has been generally accepted for it is high-yield, year-round market and the possibility of gathered substantial economic gains that characterize the main motivation for many destinations to follow the conference market (Davidson and Rogers, 2006). Employment Generation Stimulation of Investment Contribution to Government Revenue Foreign Exchange Earnings Positive ImpactsAccording to McCabe et all (2000) the conference sector is an important generator of tourism expenditure, foreign exchange earnings, investment and employment. The figures below show the positive and the negative impacts of the conference industry. Figure 2.1 Positive impacts of the conference industry Source: Adapted from Davidson and Rogers, 2006 The figure above reviews some of positive impacts that conference industry can generate to the community development. In additionally, it can be see that conference sector is well accepted for a high-yield year around market boosting substantial economic gains (Davidson and Rogers, 2006). However, while the positive impacts of conference are normally noticeable and progressively more claimed by the conference industry itself, a number of unfavourable effects related to hidden cost of developing and operating conference industry and affects the host community (Rogers, 2008). The diagram below represents the negative impacts of the conference industry. Negative Impacts Infrastructure Costs Promotional Costs LeakageFigure 2.2 Negative impacts of the conference industry Source: Source: Adapted from Davidson and Rogers, 2006 2.5.1 Economic impacts The conference industry has been considered as the healthiest and well growth-orientated segment of the tourism industry. Business people and professional travel all throughout the year to attend conferences and meetings, affecting considerably in particularly tourism and hospitality industry. The reason is the need of those participants to meet, eat and sleep. However, many other direct impacts can be seen, such as cultural and sporting activities place, tourism attractions, restaurants, local shops and transport facilities (McCabe et all, 2000). The conference market is critically in nature and vulnerable to change in the business environment. The current slow-down in the global economy and recession can decrease numbers of conference and meeting activity (Weber and Chon, 2002). 2.5.2 Environmental impacts The value of the environment is vital to the successful performance of the conference and business industry (Rogers 2008). Constructive environmental impacts at basic levels, towns and cities hosting conferences need to ensure that the physical environment is maintained in a clean, tidy and healthy condition. Delegates will be expecting to find conference localities at least clean and attractive, and this is particularly when there is a motivational component to the conference (Davison and Rogers 2006). Davison and Cope (2003) say that customer concern in excess of possible and actual unconstructive impacts of mass tourism ahead the natural, built and human environments of purpose is achieving importance. Business Travel have an effect on towns and cities where conventions and exhibitions take place, open the citys potential for professional and business location and development. These are the causes why almost all big cities have situated convention centres in close combination to a high-amenity, creating a good impression to delegates. However, awareness groups are placing increasing force for conference industry to bring in more environmental consciousness. Moreover, Swarbrooke and Honer (2001) say that there are important certifies that conventions and exhibitions centres are functioning in an environmentally friendly approach, and supporting environmental schemes. 2.5.3 Technological impacts The future of the conference industry has a midpoint on the technology issues; the concern is if the advantage technology such as videoconferencing, virtual trade shows and webcasting will replace the need of face-to-face meetings (Weber and Chon, 2002). However studies suggest that has been a slow reluctance to establish state-of-the-arte technologies, simply because it often comes without adequate training staff and suitable backup support by the IT providers in difficult circumstances (Weber and Ladkin, 2001 in Weber and Chon, 2002). Thus, according to McCabe et al. (2000), the significant communication services that are available to organisers and participants of conference events are showed in the table below. Table 2.2 Communication services SERVICE CARACTERISTICS videoconferencing an electronic medium that transmits the picture of the speaker, product, or explanatory graphics teleconferencing enables sharing of ideas in real time with enhanced audio and graphics electronic data transfer allows transfer of large amounts of data between computers separated by long distances Facsimile enables quick and accurate transmission of large documents virtual exhibitions computer simulations and human computer interfacing, this takes place through a combination of visual, audio and kinetic effects Source: Adapted from McCabe et al., 2000; Medlik, 2003; Rogers, 2008. Furthermore, it is clear that information technology (IT) can be generate massive benefit for those who operating function of conference organiser and the conference venue itself, also can be noticed at operational, tactical and strategic level, Consequently, it appear that the technology, predominantly the Internet, have substituted the traditional conference diaries or filing and paper trail systems (McCabe et al., 2000). 2.5.4 Social and cultural impacts Different generation are emerging into the conference industry, those who having grow up and spending much time on the PC and using email. They are bringing very different approach to communication and require a different learning style (Weber and Chon, 2002). Another issue related to social impacts are the trend toward an aging population. An increase number of people are chosen to retired early; also many of those may decide to engage in associations (Weber and Chon, 2002). 2.5.5 Employment The industry creates an increase level of business and improvement of employment opportunities. It is seen as an attractive employment area for those who may become employees for the first time or a looking for a carrier change. It is view as dynamic industry and one that offer many career opportunities and the expectation for fast career development. The industry is responsible for a significant part of the jobs found in the transport and hotels sector, such as specialist conference professions related to the suppliers (McCabe et all, 2000; Davidson and Rogers, 2006). However the industry is not resistant to the high staff turnover and shortages in labour supply found within the tourism and hospitality industry (McCabe et all, 2000). Fenich (2005) claims the employment benefits of conference industry can stimulate construction or renovations of hotels, restaurants, retail units and entertainment facilities. Because of the stimulus a range of skilled and unskilled job opportunities are created For example, these would include meeting planners and marketers, hotel and convention sales, and promotion staff, secretarial and business services, catering staff, retail clerks, taxi drivers and security staff etc. The impact of employment may vary between cities, town and countries due to the structure of the economy. 2.6 The future of the conference industry Predictably, many people outside and inside the conference industry attempt to forecast the industry growth, and whether in the years it will experience growth or decline, even through many issues can be come across due to unpredicted circumstance those can affect conference industry (Rogers, 2008; Swarbrooke and Horner, 2001). The present slow-down in the global economy and recession has the potential to diminish conference and meetings activity in the future. Many others factors impact the current growth and health development of the segment such as social, economic, technological and environmental trends (Rogers, 2008; Weber and Chon, 2002). 2.6.2 Social trends In terms of social trends, changes happen into the work population, including an increasing number of womens conference delegates, older delegates or coming from diverse cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Additionally, many employers are developing a wide range of work-life options, for example tele-working or taking portfolio careers (Rogers and Davidson, 2006) Different generation are emerging into the conference industry, those who having grow up and spending much time on the PC and using email. They are bringing very different approach to communication and require a different learning style. Another issue related to social impacts are the trend toward an aging population. An increase number of people are chosen to retired early; also many of those may decide to engage in associations. All these social trends are going to have several implications for the conference industry (Weber and Chon, 2002; Rogers and Davidson, 2006). 2.6.3 Economic trends Despite on-going divergences and continuous intimidation of terrorist attacks worldwide, the global economy should continue to recover over the next five years, which is excellent news for the conference industry as it clearly depends on the worldwide economic situation (Davidson, 2004). In addition, the economies of Central Europe maintain expanding; Western European countries will fairly certainly experience an augment in business travel from the new EU member countries (Rogers, 2008). The expenditure on business travel and tourism in Europe, according to the World Travel Tourism Council reached $190 billion in 2003, representing 39%of the worldwide total of $488.8 billion. Although, is expecting an increase spending on business travel in Europe by approximately 75% over the next 10 years, reaching by 2013 roughly $ 330 billion (Mintel, 2003). 2.6.4 Technological trends The 21st century is involved especially about Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Buhalis (2008). Technological trends will continue to develop at the remarkable speed. It will contribute to the industry offering important prospective and benefits to buyers, suppliers and intermediaries (Rogers, 2008) However, the industry has been using ICT for many years, with e-mail and the Internet. Conferences organisers can take advantage to reach potential delegates by using email addresses or to set a web site related to the event, conference or exhibition. Nowadays, registration for various events can be possible done on-line, permitting the organisers to be and keep the web information up-to-date, also contact any delegate by their email addresses (Davidson et al, 2002; Buhalis, 2008). By the end of this decade, the conscientious for cost saving and efficiency in distribution will affect the industry (Davidson and Rogers 2006). The preferred distribution channel for making reservations, check in, registration to a conference also many other forms of business travel will be done by the internet (Cline, 2001). A report from IBM business consulting service, forecasted that on-line travel bookings would roughly double between 2004 and 2007 (OÂ ´Connor and Piccoli, 2003). The future of the conference industry has a midpoint on the technology issues; the concern is if the advantage technology such as videoconferencing, virtual trade shows and webcasting will replace the need of face-to-face meetings. However studies suggest that has been a slow reluctance to establish state-of-the-arte technologies, simply because it often comes without adequate training staff and suitable backup support by the IT providers in difficult circumstances (Weber and Chon, 2002; Weber and Ladkin, 2002). 6.4.5 Environmental trends The value of the environment is vital to the successful performance of the conference and business industry (Rogers 2008). Constructive environmental impacts at basic levels, towns and cities hosting conferences need to ensure that the physical environment is maintained in a clean, tidy and healthy condition. Delegates will be expecting to find conference localities at least clean and attractive, and this is particularly when there is a motivational component to the conference (Davison and Rogers 2006). Firstly, considering the damage of environmental issues like global warming, carbon emissions and others cause to the planet. Swarbrooke and Horner (2001) criticized negative impact on the environment, particularly in terms of transport sector. For example, pollution and fuel costs of air travel and the use of private car to take the business traveller from one destination to another. Regarding International legislation, airlines have already done a lot to reduce their environmental impacts. Davison and Cope (2003) argument saying it is obvious that the majority international business journeys are made by air, the extremely polluting form of transportation. Aviation is identified to be the highest increasing source of greenhouse gas emissions and key donor to climate change. They also criticize the police of aircraft and aviation fuel an airline tickets are zero rated for value-added tax (VAT), this means that society contribute is subsiding air transport. It should be discuss how those issues are becoming usual worries and challenges inside conference and convention industry (Rogers, 2008). Cassar (1995) mention the environmental concern will continues indoors the conference venues. It is essentially how about venues can congregate their responsibilities to anxiety for conferences and exhibitions. The positive environmental impacts generate the desires for municipalities to preserve eminence of their built and natural environment, the conference industry in addition has the potential to produce beneficial results on the environment of destination by contributing to environmental development and conservation. The conference industry has as well added large appraise to urban conservations programme, particularly during the replacing into conference centres of buildings that perhaps have been destroyed. Innumerable examples of architecturally precious buildings have been saved by their renovation into conference amenities (Davison and Rogers 2006).